An Inexpensive Field-Widened Monolithic Michelson Interferometer for Precision Radial Velocity Measurements

TL;DR

This paper presents a cost-effective, thermally stable monolithic Michelson interferometer designed for precise stellar radial velocity measurements, enabling easier operation and multi-object surveys for exoplanet detection.

Contribution

The authors developed and tested a monolithic, fixed-delay Michelson interferometer with off-the-shelf components, demonstrating high-precision radial velocity measurements without moving parts.

Findings

Achieved radial velocity precision of a few m/s.

Successfully integrated the interferometer with the ET instrument at Kitt Peak.

Enabled potential for large-scale, multi-object exoplanet surveys.

Abstract

We have constructed a thermally compensated field-widened monolithic Michelson interferometer that can be used with a medium-resolution spectrograph to measure precise Doppler radial velocities of stars. Our prototype monolithic fixed-delay interferometer is constructed with off-the-shelf components and assembled using a hydrolysis bonding technique. We installed and tested this interferometer in the Exoplanet Tracker (ET) instrument at the Kitt Peak 2.1m telescope, an instrument built to demonstrate the principles of dispersed fixed delay interferometry. An iodine cell allows the interferometer drift to be accurately calibrated, relaxing the stability requirements on the interferometer itself. When using our monolithic interferometer, the ET instrument has no moving parts (except the iodine cell), greatly simplifying its operation. We demonstrate differential radial velocity precision of a few m s$^{-1}$ on well known radial velocity standards and planet bearing stars when using this interferometer. Such monolithic interferometers will make it possible to build relatively inexpensive instruments that are easy to operate and capable of precision radial velocity measurements. A larger multi-object version of the Exoplanet Tracker will be used to conduct a large scale survey for planetary systems as part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS III). Variants of the techniques and principles discussed in this paper can be directly applied to build large monolithic interferometers for such applications, enabling the construction of instruments capable of efficiently observing many stars simultaneously at high velocity-precision.