Breathing patterns in nonlinear relaxation

TL;DR

This paper investigates the 'breathing' amplitude oscillations of stationary nonlinear waves in a nonhomogeneous medium, specifically analyzing the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a delta impurity, and provides asymptotic descriptions matching numerical results.

Contribution

It introduces an asymptotic analysis of breathing patterns in stationary nonlinear waves with a delta impurity, highlighting their nonlinear origin and dependence on initial data.

Findings

Asymptotic formulas for wave amplitude oscillations

Excellent agreement with numerical simulations

Identification of nonlinear effects causing breathing patterns

Abstract

In numerical experiments involving nonlinear solitary waves propagating through nonhomogeneous media one observes "breathing" in the sense of the amplitude of the wave going up and down on a much faster scale than the motion of the wave. In this paper we investigate this phenomenon in the simplest case of stationary waves in which the evolution corresponds to relaxation to a nonlinear ground state. The particular model is the popular $ \delta_0 $ impurity in the cubic nonlinear Schroedinger equation on the line. We give asymptotics of the amplitude on a finite but relevant time interval and show their remarkable agreement with numerical experiments. We stress the nonlinear origin of the "breathing patterns" caused by the selection of the ground state depending on the initial data, and by the non-normality of the linearized operator.