Alpha-Particle Condensation in Nuclear Systems

TL;DR

This paper investigates alpha-particle condensation in nuclear matter and finite nuclei, revealing conditions for its occurrence, identifying candidate states, and exploring the phenomenon's implications for nuclear structure and other systems.

Contribution

It introduces a theoretical framework for alpha-particle condensation, identifies candidate states like the Hoyle state as condensates, and discusses the density dependence and potential for similar phenomena in heavier nuclei.

Findings

Alpha-particle condensation occurs at low densities with critical temperatures up to 6 MeV.

The Hoyle state in carbon-12 is identified as an alpha-particle condensate.

Candidate condensate states are proposed in heavier nuclei like oxygen-16.

Abstract

The onset of quartetting, i.e. alpha-particle condensation, in symmetric nuclear matter is studied with the help of an in-medium modified four nucleon equation. It is found that at very low density quartetting wins over pairing, because of the strong binding of the alpha-particles. The critical temperature can reach values up to around 6 MeV. Also the disappearance of alpha-particles with increasing density, i.e. the Mott transition, is investigated. In finite nuclei the Hoyle state, that is the 0_2^+ of 12C, is identified as an "alpha-particle condensate" state. It is conjectured that such states also exist in heavier n alpha-nuclei, like 16O, 20Ne, etc. For instance the 6-th 0^+ state of 16O at 15.1 MeV is identified from a theoretical analysis as being a strong candidate for an alpha condensate state. Exploratory calculations are performed for the density dependence of the alpha condensate fraction at zero temperature to address the suppression of the four-particle condensate below nuclear-matter density. Possible quartet condensation in other systems is discussed briefly