Investigations of the magnetospheric plasma distribution in the vicinity of a pulsar - I Basic formulation

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new 3D relativistic Particle-In-Cell simulation code to study pulsar magnetospheres, revealing plasma distributions that depend on the inclination angle, including polar domes, equatorial torus, and quad-lobe structures.

Contribution

The authors develop and apply a novel 3D PIC code, DYMPHNA3D, to simulate pulsar magnetospheres, capturing plasma configurations for different inclination angles and demonstrating the collapse into stable structures.

Findings

Aligned rotator shows polar domes and equatorial torus.

Orthogonal rotator forms a quad-lobe plasma distribution.

Goldreich-Julian initial conditions lead to stable Dome-Torus structures.

Abstract

The magnetospheric plasma distribution in the vicinity of a pulsar at various inclination angles is investigated using a new relativistic, parallel 3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code DYMPHNA3D. DYMPHNA3D uses a superposition of the electromagnetic fields associated with a rotating magnetised conducting sphere in a vacuum (the pulsar fields) and the electromagnetic fields due to the presence of the magnetospheric plasma surrounding the pulsar (the plasma fields), as the total fields. The plasma is moved self-consistently through the magnetosphere using the PIC methodology. Our initial simulation results are presented here. These show similar solutions to those obtained from previous numerical simulations, which show the fundamental plasma distribution in the vicinity of an aligned rotating neutron star to consist of two polar domes and an equatorial torus of trapped non-neutral plasma of opposite sign. The aligned case being the case in which the inclination angle between the magnetic dipole moment and the rotation axis of the star is zero. Furthermore, our code allows for off-axis simulations and we have found that this plasma distribution collapses into a Quad-Lobe charge-separated non-neutral magnetospheric plasma distribution in the case of an orthogonal rotator, i.e., the case in which the magnetic dipole moment is oriented at right angles to the rotation axis of the neutron star, with the plasma remaining trapped close to the stellar surface by the force-free surfaces. We find that if initialised with a Goldreich-Julian type distribution, the system is seen to collapse rapidly into these stable Dome-Torus structures.