Three-Qubit Operators, the Split Cayley Hexagon of Order Two and Black Holes

TL;DR

This paper explores the deep geometric and algebraic structures underlying three-qubit operators, connecting them to the split Cayley hexagon, projective geometry, and black hole entropy in string theory, revealing new symmetries and conjectures.

Contribution

It establishes a novel correspondence between three-qubit operators, the split Cayley hexagon, and black hole entropy, uncovering new geometric and algebraic insights.

Findings

Operators split into symmetric and antisymmetric sets linked to Fano plane

Hexagon structure encodes operator products and symmetries

Connections to black hole entropy and string theory symmetries

Abstract

The set of 63 real generalized Pauli matrices of three-qubits can be factored into two subsets of 35 symmetric and 28 antisymmetric elements. This splitting is shown to be completely embodied in the properties of the Fano plane; the elements of the former set being in a bijective correspondence with the 7 points, 7 lines and 21 flags, whereas those of the latter set having their counterparts in 28 anti-flags of the plane. This representation naturally extends to the one in terms of the split Cayley hexagon of order two. 63 points of the hexagon split into 9 orbits of 7 points (operators) each under the action of an automorphism of order 7. 63 lines of the hexagon carry three points each and represent the triples of operators such that the product of any two gives, up to a sign, the third one. Since this hexagon admits a full embedding in a projective 5-space over GF(2), the 35 symmetric operators are also found to answer to the points of a Klein quadric in such space. The 28 antisymmetric matrices can be associated with the 28 vertices of the Coxeter graph, one of two distinguished subgraphs of the hexagon. The PSL_{2}(7) subgroup of the automorphism group of the hexagon is discussed in detail and the Coxeter sub-geometry is found to be intricately related to the E_7-symmetric black-hole entropy formula in string theory. It is also conjectured that the full geometry/symmetry of the hexagon should manifest itself in the corresponding black-hole solutions. Finally, an intriguing analogy with the case of Hopf sphere fibrations and a link with coding theory are briefly mentioned.