Most Population III Supernovae are Duds

TL;DR

This paper explores how most Population III supernovae are ineffective, but their oxygen output can influence early galaxy formation and dark matter halo development through complex interactions and energy redistribution.

Contribution

It introduces a novel model linking Population III supernovae to primordial star formation and dark matter halo creation via oxygen ejecta and radiation effects.

Findings

One Population III dud supernova produces enough oxygen for star formation.

Oxygen ejecta can lead to globular cluster formation.

Large numbers of dud supernovae contribute to dark matter halos.

Abstract

One Population III dud supernova produces enough oxygen to enable ten million solar masses of primordial gas to bind into M dwarfs. This is possible because radiation from other Population III stars implodes the mixture of oxygen ejecta and primordial gas into a globular cluster. Model atmosphere calculations for oxygen dwarfs show that water blocks most of the infrared flux. The flux is redistributed into the visible to produce an unfamiliar, distinctive energy distribution. One million dud supernovae in a large protogalaxy are sufficient to produce the "dark matter" halo.