Galaxy density profiles and shapes -- I. simulation pipeline for lensing by realistic galaxy models

TL;DR

This paper develops a simulation pipeline for realistic galaxy lensing models, enabling better understanding of galaxy density profiles and shapes through lensing and kinematic data, accounting for biases and survey limitations.

Contribution

It introduces a flexible, efficient simulation pipeline for lensing by realistic galaxy models with separate stellar and dark matter components, tested for accuracy and bias.

Findings

Galaxy density profiles near the Einstein radius are close to isothermal.

Constraints from lensing and kinematics near the Einstein radius cannot be easily extrapolated.

The pipeline accurately recovers lensing quantities with minimal viewing angles.

Abstract

Studies of strong gravitational lensing in current and upcoming wide and deep photometric surveys, and of stellar kinematics from (integral-field) spectroscopy at increasing redshifts, promise to provide valuable constraints on galaxy density profiles and shapes. However, both methods are affected by various selection and modelling biases, whch we aim to investigate in a consistent way. In this first paper in a series we develop a flexible but efficient pipeline to simulate lensing by realistic galaxy models. These galaxy models have separate stellar and dark matter components, each with a range of density profiles and shapes representative of early-type, central galaxies without significant contributions from other nearby galaxies. We use Fourier methods to calculate the lensing properties of galaxies with arbitrary surface density distributions, and Monte Carlo methods to compute lensing statistics such as point-source lensing cross-sections. Incorporating a variety of magnification bias modes lets us examine different survey limitations in image resolution and flux. We rigorously test the numerical methods for systematic errors and sensitivity to basic assumptions. We also determine the minimum number of viewing angles that must be sampled in order to recover accurate orientation-averaged lensing quantities. We find that for a range of non-isothermal stellar and dark matter density profiles typical of elliptical galaxies, the combined density profile and corresponding lensing properties are surprisingly close to isothermal around the Einstein radius. The converse implication is that constraints from strong lensing and/or stellar kinematics, which are indeed consistent with isothermal models near the Einstein radius, cannot trivially be extrapolated to smaller and larger radii.