The characteristic blue spectra of accretion disks in quasars as uncovered in the infrared

TL;DR

This study uncovers the blue spectra of quasar accretion disks in the infrared using polarized light, confirming predictions of the standard disk model at large radii and opening new avenues for understanding disk structure.

Contribution

First direct observation of the near-infrared disk spectrum in quasars, validating the standard accretion disk model at outer radii despite previous observational challenges.

Findings

Near-infrared disk spectrum is as blue as predicted by models.

Polarized light reveals disk emission hidden behind dust emission.

Supports the standard locally heated disk model at large radii.

Abstract

Quasars are thought to be powered by supermassive black holes accreting surrounding gas. Central to this picture is a putative accretion disk which is believed to be the source of the majority of the radiative output. It is well known, however, that the most extensively studied disk model -- an optically thick disk which is heated locally by the dissipation of gravitational binding energy -- is apparently contradicted by observations in a few major respects. In particular, the model predicts a specific blue spectral shape asymptotically from the visible to the near-infrared, but this is not generally seen in the visible wavelength region where the disk spectrum is observable. A crucial difficulty was that, toward the infrared, the disk spectrum starts to be hidden under strong hot dust emission from much larger but hitherto unresolved scales, and thus has essentially been impossible to observe. Here we report observations of polarized light interior to the dust-emiting region that enable us to uncover this near-infrared disk spectrum in several quasars. The revealed spectra show that the near-infrared disk spectrum is indeed as blue as predicted. This indicates that, at least for the outer near-infrared-emitting radii, the standard picture of the locally heated disk is approximately correct. The model problems at shorter wavelengths should then be directed toward a better understanding of the inner parts of the revealed disk. The newly uncovered disk emission at large radii, with more future measurements, will also shed totally new light on the unanswered critical question of how and where the disk ends.