Imaging Flux Vortices in Type II Superconductors with a Commercial Transmission Electron Microscope

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that flux vortices in type II superconductors can be effectively imaged using a standard commercial transmission electron microscope, providing high-resolution magnetic flux imaging.

Contribution

It shows how to use a modern, commercial TEM to image flux vortices in superconductors, including sample preparation and image simulation techniques.

Findings

Successful imaging of vortices in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d

Analysis of vortex arrangements under varying magnetic fields

Technique applicable with standard TEM equipment

Abstract

Flux vortices in superconductors can be imaged using transmission electron microscopy because the electron beam is deflected by the magnetic flux associated with the vortices. This technique has a better spatial and temporal resolution than many other imaging techniques and is sensitive to the magnetic flux density within each vortex not simply the fields at the sample surface. Despite these advantages, only two groups have successfully employed the technique using specially adapted instruments. Here we demonstrate that vortices can be imaged with a modern, commercial transmission electron microscope operating at 300 kV equipped with a field emission gun, Lorentz lens and a liquid helium cooled sample holder. We introduce superconductivity for non-specialists and discuss techniques for simulating and optimising images of flux vortices. Sample preparation is discussed in detail as the requirement for samples with very large (>10um), flat areas so that the image is not dominated by diffraction contrast is the main difficulty with the technique. We have imaged vortices in superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d and use correlation functions to investigate the ordered arrangements they adopt as a function of applied magnetic field.