Jet power extracted from ADAF and the applications to X-ray binaries and radio galaxy FR dichotomy

TL;DR

This paper calculates jet power from ADAF models around Kerr black holes, linking it to X-ray binary states and the FR I/II radio galaxy dichotomy, highlighting the role of accretion rate and black hole spin.

Contribution

It introduces a hybrid jet model based on ADAF solutions that explains jet power differences and the FR I/II division in radio galaxies, aligning with observed state transitions.

Findings

Hybrid jet power exceeds pure BZ model.

Jet power dominates at low accretion rates, defining 'jet-power-dominated' systems.

Reproduces FR I/II division line using ADAF-based jet power and black hole parameters.

Abstract

We calculate the jet power of the classical Blandford-Znajek(BZ) model and hybrid model developed by Meier based on the global solutions of advection dominated accretion flows (ADAFs) surrounding Kerr black holes. We find that the jet power of the hybrid model is larger than that of the pure BZ model. The jet power will dominate over the accretion power, and the objects will enter into "jet-power-dominated advective systems", when the accretion rate is less than a critical value mdot_c=Mdot_c/Mdot_Edd, where 3*10^-4 < mdot_c < 5*10^-3 is a function of black hole spin parameter. The accretion power will be dominant when mdot<mdot_c and the objects will enter into "accretion-power-dominated advective systems." This is roughly consistent with that constrained from the low/hard-state black hole X-ray binaries (e.g., Fender et al.). We calculate the maximal jet power as a function of black hole mass with the hybrid jet formation model, and find it can roughly reproduce the dividing line of the Ledlow-Owen relation for FR I/FR II dichotomy in the jet power-black hole(BH) mass plane (Q_jet-M_BH) if the dimensionless accretion rate mdot~0.01 and BH spin parameter j~0.9-0.99 are adopted. This accretion rate mdot~0.01 is consistent with that of the critical accretion rate for the accretion mode transition of a standard disk to an ADAF constrained from the state transition of X-ray binaries. Our results imply that most FR I galaxies may be in the ADAF accretion mode similar to the low/hard-state XRBs.