One-dimensional quantum random walks with two entangled coins

TL;DR

This paper provides a theoretical explanation for localization phenomena and the limiting behavior of probability distributions in one-dimensional quantum random walks with two entangled coins, supported by explicit formulas and eigenvalue analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a theoretical framework explaining localization and stationary distributions in quantum random walks with entangled coins, including explicit formulas for limiting probabilities.

Findings

Localization manifests as persistent peaks at the initial position.

Limiting probability distribution becomes stationary and non-zero.

The height of the spike at the origin decreases quadratically with position.

Abstract

We offer theoretical explanations for some recent observations in numerical simulations of quantum random walks (QRW). Specifically, in the case of a QRW on the line with one particle (walker) and two entangled coins, we explain the phenomenon, called "localization", whereby the probability distribution of the walker's position is seen to exhibit a persistent major "spike" (or "peak") at the initial position and two other minor spikes which drift to infinity in either direction. Another interesting finding in connection with QRW's of this sort pertains to the limiting behavior of the position probability distribution. It is seen that the probability of finding the walker at any given location becomes eventually stationary and non-vanishing. We explain these observations in terms of the degeneration of some eigenvalue of the time evolution operator $U(k)$. An explicit general formula is derived for the limiting probability, from which we deduce the limiting value of the height of the observed spike at the origin. We show that the limiting probability decreases {\em quadratically} for large values of the position $x$. We locate the two minor spikes and demonstrate that their positions are determined by the phases of non-degenerated eigenvalues of $U(k)$. Finally, for fixed time $t$ sufficiently large, we examine the dependence on $t$ of the probability of finding a particle at a given location $x$.