The LHC as a Nucleus-Nucleus Collider

TL;DR

The paper discusses the LHC's upgrade plans for colliding lead nuclei at unprecedented energies, highlighting the scientific opportunities and technical challenges such as beam losses, cooling, and luminosity limits.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of the LHC's potential to explore nuclear matter at new energy regimes and addresses the technical issues related to heavy-ion collisions.

Findings

Potential to study nuclear matter at 5.5 TeV per nucleon

Beam losses from ultraperipheral and hadronic interactions impact luminosity

Coherent radiation may enable natural beam cooling

Abstract

This paper begins with a summary of the status of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, including the lead-ion injector chain and the plans for the first phases of commissioning and operation with colliding proton beams. In a later phase, the LHC will collide lead nuclei at centre-of-mass energies of 5.5 TeV per colliding nucleon pair. This leap to 28 times beyond what is presently accessible will open up a new regime, not only in the experimental study of nuclear matter, but also in the beam physics of hadron colliders. Ultraperipheral and hadronic interactions of highly-charged beam nuclei will cause beam losses that dominate the luminosity decay and may quench superconducting magnets, setting upper limits on luminosity and stored beam current. Lower limits are set by beam instrumentation. On the other hand, coherent radiation by the nuclear charges should provide natural cooling to overcome intra-beam scattering. As with protons, a flexible, staged approach to full performance will test the limits and make optimal use of scheduled beam time.