The redshift distribution of the X-ray background

TL;DR

This paper determines the redshift distribution of the X-ray background and its sources, providing insights into the large-scale structure and evolution of active galactic nuclei over cosmic time.

Contribution

It introduces a method to derive the redshift distribution of the X-ray background and AGN evolution using survey data and analytic fits, with small systematic uncertainties.

Findings

Redshift distribution of XRB photons modeled by dn/dlog z = 5.24 z^1.52 exp(-z/0.63)

Void-induced dips in XRB flux are comparable to source fluctuation fluctuations

AGN X-ray luminosity density evolution up to z~5 calculated and consistent with other estimates

Abstract

The X-ray background (XRB) is produced by a large number of faint sources distributed over a wide range of redshifts. The XRB carries information on the spatial distribution and evolution of these sources. The goals of the paper are: 1. to determine the redshift distribution of the soft X-ray background photons produced by all types of extragalactic sources, in order to relate fluctuations of the background to the large scale structures, 2. to determine the redshift distribution of the soft XRB produced by AGN in order to calculate the evolution of the AGN X-ray luminosity density. A set of major X-ray surveys is used to determine the redshift distributions of the X-ray sources selected at various flux levels. Simple analytic fits to the data allow us to determine the smooth relationship between the redshift distribution and the source flux. The redshift distribution of the integral XRB flux is obtained by averaging the fits over the source counts. It is shown that the distribution of extragalactic XRB photons in the 0.5-2 keV band is adequately represented by the function: dn/dlog z = 5.24 z^1.52 exp(-z/0.63). The huge voids postulated to explain the cold spots in the CMB maps create dips in the total XRB flux. However, the expected magnitude of the effect is comparable to the fluctuation amplitude of the XRB generated by the individual sources contributing to the background. The cosmic evolution of the AGN X-ray luminosity density up to redshift of ~5 is calculated in an elegant and straightforward way. Systematic uncertainties of the present method are assessed and shown to be small. At redshift greater than one the present results could be compared directly with some recent estimates obtained in a standard way and the agreement between both methods is very good.