Supermassive Black Holes as Giant Bose-Einstein Condensates

TL;DR

This paper proposes a novel model of supermassive black holes as Bose-Einstein condensates of densely packed hydrogen atoms, providing a regular, self-consistent metric solution within a relativistic gravitation framework.

Contribution

It introduces a new approach to black hole structure by modeling them as Bose-Einstein condensates, with an exact solution in relativistic gravitation theory that avoids singularities.

Findings

The model yields a regular metric with finite redshift at the horizon.

The black hole's properties depend on the condensate state and binding energy.

The solution allows for various observed masses relative to the constituents.

Abstract

The Schwarzschild metric has a divergent energy density at the horizon, which motivates a new approach to black holes. If matter is spread uniformly throughout the interior of a supermassive black hole, with mass $M\sim M_\star= 2.34 10^8M_\odot$, it may arise from a Bose-Einstein condensate of densely packed H-atoms. Within the Relativistic Theory of Gravitation with a positive cosmological constant, a bosonic quantum field is coupled to the curvature scalar. In the Bose-Einstein condensed groundstate an exact, selfconsistent solution for the metric is presented. It is regular with a specific shape at the origin. The redshift at the horizon is finite but large, $z\sim 10^{14}$$M_\star/M$. The binding energy remains as an additional parameter to characterize the BH; alternatively, the mass observed at infinity can be any fraction of the rest mass of its constituents.