Variable stars in the Fornax dSph Galaxy. II. Pulsating stars below the horizontal branch

TL;DR

This study identifies and analyzes 85 short-period pulsating stars in the Fornax dwarf galaxy, revealing their properties, possible origins, and establishing a Period-Luminosity relation for similar variable stars across different stellar systems.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed survey of short-period pulsating stars in Fornax and derives a new Period-Luminosity relation for these variables.

Findings

Detected 85 high-amplitude short-period variables in Fornax.

Identified a subgroup of subluminous variables possibly linked to binary mergers or metal-poor intermediate-age stars.

Established a linear Period-Luminosity relation for short-period pulsating stars across multiple systems.

Abstract

We have carried out an intensive survey of the northern region of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy with the aim of detecting the galaxy's short--period pulsating stars (P<0.25 days). Observations collected over three consecutive nights with the Wide Field Imager of the 2.2m MPI telescope at ESO allowed us to detect 85 high-amplitude (0.20-1.00 mag in B-light) variable stars with periods in the range from 0.046 to 0.126 days, similar to SX Phoenicis stars in Galactic metal-poor stellar populations. The plots of the observed periods vs. the B and V magnitudes show a dispersion largely exceeding the observational errors. To disentangle the matter, we separated the first-overtone from the fundamental-mode pulsators and tentatively identified a group of subluminous variables, about 0.35 mag fainter than the others. Their nature as either metal-poor intermediate-age stars or stars formed by the merging of close binary systems is discussed. The rich sample of the Fornax variables also led us to reconstruct the Period-Luminosity relation for short-period pulsating stars. An excellent linear fit, M(V)=-1.83(+/-0.08)-3.65(+/-0.07) log P(fund), was obtained using 153 Delta Scuti and SX Phoenicis stars in a number of different stellar systems.