Forces in electromagnetic field and gravitational field

TL;DR

This paper proposes a new definition of force based on energy and torque in gravitational and electromagnetic fields, explaining phenomena like solar wind velocity variation.

Contribution

It introduces a novel force definition incorporating energy gradients and new force terms, expanding understanding of forces in combined fields.

Findings

New force terms explain solar wind velocity variation.

Force definition based on energy and torque is more comprehensive.

Provides a framework for analyzing forces in gravitational and electromagnetic fields.

Abstract

The force can be defined from the linear momentum in the gravitational field and electromagnetic field. But this definition can not cover the gradient of energy. In the paper, the force will be defined from the energy and torque in a new way, which involves the gravitational force, electromagnetic force, inertial force, gradient of energy, and some other new force terms etc. One of these new force terms can be used to explain why the solar wind varies velocity along the magnetic force line in the interplanetary space between the sun and the earth.