Quantum Turbulence

TL;DR

This review discusses recent advances in quantum turbulence, highlighting its similarities to classical turbulence, the dynamics of quantized vortices, energy transfer mechanisms, experimental findings, and implications for Bose-Einstein condensates.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of quantum turbulence, emphasizing recent experimental and theoretical developments and comparing it with classical turbulence models.

Findings

Quantum turbulence exhibits Kolmogorov energy spectrum at low wavenumbers.

Energy transfer occurs via Richardson cascade and Kelvin-wave cascade.

Experimental studies reveal temperature-dependent transitions and visualization techniques.

Abstract

The present article reviews the recent developments in the physics of quantum turbulence. Quantum turbulence (QT) was discovered in superfluid $^4$He in the 1950s, and the research has tended toward a new direction since the mid 90s. The similarities and differences between quantum and classical turbulence have become an important area of research. QT is comprised of quantized vortices that are definite topological defects, being expected to yield a model of turbulence that is much simpler than the classical model. The general introduction of the issue and a brief review on classical turbulence are followed by a description of the dynamics of quantized vortices. Then, we discuss the energy spectrum of QT at very low temperatures. At low wavenumbers, the energy is transferred through the Richardson cascade of quantized vortices, and the spectrum obeys the Kolmogorov law, which is the most important statistical law in turbulence; this classical region shows the similarity to conventional turbulence. At higher wavenumbers, the energy is transferred by the Kelvin-wave cascade on each vortex. This quantum regime depends strongly on the nature of each quantized vortex. The possible dissipation mechanism is discussed. Finally, important new experimental studies, which include investigations into temperature-dependent transition to QT, dissipation at very low temperatures, QT created by vibrating structures, and visualization of QT, are reviewed. The present article concludes with a brief look at QT in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates.