Big rip avoidance via black holes production

TL;DR

This paper explores a cosmological model where black hole production and evaporation influence the universe's expansion, identifying conditions that prevent the big rip singularity.

Contribution

It introduces a dynamical system analysis of black hole interactions with phantom energy to find scenarios avoiding the big rip.

Findings

Black hole dynamics can prevent the big rip

Conditions for avoiding singularity are identified

Black hole mass evolution impacts cosmic fate

Abstract

We consider a cosmological scenario in which the expansion of the Universe is dominated by phantom dark energy and black holes which condense out of the latter component. The mass of black holes decreases via Hawking evaporation and by accretion of phantom fluid but new black holes arise continuously whence the overall evolution can be rather complex. We study the corresponding dynamical system to unravel this evolution and single out scenarios where the big rip singularity does not occur.