Fully integrated transport approach to heavy ion reactions with an intermediate hydrodynamic stage

TL;DR

This paper introduces a hybrid transport-hydrodynamics model for relativistic heavy ion collisions, incorporating event-by-event fluctuations and comparing microscopic and fluid dynamic approaches to better understand particle production and spectra.

Contribution

It presents a novel integrated model combining UrQMD transport with intermediate hydrodynamics, enabling direct comparison of different dynamical assumptions in heavy ion reactions.

Findings

Lower pion and proton yields in the hybrid model due to hydrodynamic expansion.

Enhanced strange particle yields from local equilibrium in hydrodynamics.

Good agreement with experimental spectra across different energies.

Abstract

We present a coupled Boltzmann and hydrodynamics approach to relativistic heavy ion reactions. This hybrid approach is based on the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) transport approach with an intermediate hydrodynamical evolution for the hot and dense stage of the collision. Event-by-event fluctuations are directly taken into account via the non-equilibrium initial conditions generated by the initial collisions and string fragmentations in the microscopic UrQMD model. After a (3+1)-dimensional ideal hydrodynamic evolution, the hydrodynamical fields are mapped to hadrons via the Cooper-Frye equation and the subsequent hadronic cascade calculation within UrQMD proceeds to incorporate the important final state effects for a realistic freeze-out. This implementation allows to compare pure microscopic transport calculations with hydrodynamic calculations using exactly the same initial conditions and freeze-out procedure. The effects of the change in the underlying dynamics - ideal fluid dynamics vs. non-equilibrium transport theory - will be explored. The freeze-out and initial state parameter dependences are investigated for different observables. Furthermore, the time evolution of the baryon density and particle yields are discussed. We find that the final pion and proton multiplicities are lower in the hybrid model calculation due to the isentropic hydrodynamic expansion while the yields for strange particles are enhanced due to the local equilibrium in the hydrodynamic evolution. The results of the different calculations for the mean transverse mass excitation function, rapidity and transverse mass spectra for different particle species at three different beam energies are discussed in the context of the available data.