Detection of high energy cosmic rays with the resonant gravitational wave detector NAUTILUS and EXPLORER

TL;DR

This paper investigates how cryogenic resonant gravitational wave detectors NAUTILUS and EXPLORER detect cosmic ray showers, revealing temperature-dependent signal behaviors and implications for future detector backgrounds.

Contribution

It provides experimental data on cosmic ray interactions with resonant bars at different temperatures, including superconductive states, and compares results with theoretical models and beam measurements.

Findings

Signals match thermo-acoustic model above 1 K

Large unexpected signals at 0.14 K in superconductive state

Cosmic rays can be a significant background in sensitive detectors

Abstract

The cryogenic resonant gravitational wave detectors NAUTILUS and EXPLORER, made of an aluminum alloy bar, can detect cosmic ray showers. At temperatures above 1 K, when the material is in the normal conducting state, the measured signals are in good agreement with the values expected based on the cosmic rays data and on the thermo-acoustic model. When NAUTILUS was operated at the temperature of 0.14 K, in superconductive state, large signals produced by cosmic ray interactions, more energetic than expected, were recorded. The NAUTILUS data in this case are in agreement with the measurements done by a dedicated experiment on a particle beam. The biggest recorded event was in EXPLORER and excited the first longitudinal mode to a vibrational energy of about 670 K, corresponding to about 360 TeV absorbed in the bar. Cosmic rays can be an important background in future acoustic detectors of improved sensitivity. At present, they represent a useful tool to verify the gravitational wave antenna performance.