B2FH, the Cosmic Microwave Background and Cosmology

TL;DR

This paper reviews the historical development of nucleosynthesis theories, discusses the origin of the cosmic microwave background, and explores alternative models like active galactic nuclei and cyclic universe scenarios.

Contribution

It offers a personal perspective linking B2FH's work to broader cosmological questions and suggests alternative origins for isotopes and the CMB beyond the Big Bang.

Findings

The CMB energy density is approximately 4.5 x 10^-13 erg/cm^3.

Nucleosynthesis may have occurred in active galactic nuclei, not just the Big Bang.

The origin of light isotopes could be explained by cyclic universe models.

Abstract

In this talk I shall start by describing how we set about and carried out the work which led to the publication of B2FH in 1957. I then shall try and relate this work and the circumstances that surrounded it to the larger problem of the origin and formation of the universe. Here it is necessary to look back at the way that ideas developed and how in many situations astronomers went astray. Of course this is a personal view, though I very strongly believe that if he were still here, it is the approach that Fred Hoyle would take. I start by describing the problems originally encountered by Gamow and his associates in trying to decide where the helium was made. This leads me to a modern discussion of the origin of 2D, 3He, 4He and 7Li, originally described by B2FH as due to the x-process. While it is generally argued, following Gamow, Alpher, and Herman, that these isotopes were synthesized in a big bang I shall show that it is equally likely that these isotopes were made in active galactic nuclei, as was the cosmic microwave background (CMB), in a cyclic universe model. The key piece of observational evidence is that the amount of energy carried by the CMB, namely about 4.5 x 10-13 erg cm-3