Homogeneous nucleation for Glauber and Kawasaki dynamics in large volumes at low temperatures

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the nucleation process in large low-temperature volumes for Ising and lattice gas models, calculating the average time for critical droplets to form and trigger phase transitions.

Contribution

It provides a detailed potential-theoretic analysis of homogeneous nucleation times for Glauber and Kawasaki dynamics in large volumes at low temperatures, extending understanding of metastability.

Findings

Average nucleation time grows exponentially with inverse temperature.

Nucleation time is inversely proportional to volume size.

Homogeneous nucleation occurs independently in subregions of the large volume.

Abstract

In this paper we study metastability in large volumes at low temperatures. We consider both Ising spins subject to Glauber spin-flip dynamics and lattice gas particles subject to Kawasaki hopping dynamics. Let $\b$ denote the inverse temperature and let $\L_\b \subset \Z^2$ be a square box with periodic boundary conditions such that $\lim_{\b\to\infty}|\L_\b|=\infty$. We run the dynamics on $\L_\b$ starting from a random initial configuration where all the droplets (= clusters of plus-spins, respectively, clusters of particles)are small. For large $\b$, and for interaction parameters that correspond to the metastable regime, we investigate how the transition from the metastable state (with only small droplets) to the stable state (with one or more large droplets) takes place under the dynamics. This transition is triggered by the appearance of a single \emph{critical droplet} somewhere in $\L_\b$. Using potential-theoretic methods, we compute the \emph{average nucleation time} (= the first time a critical droplet appears and starts growing) up to a multiplicative factor that tends to one as $\b\to\infty$. It turns out that this time grows as $Ke^{\Gamma\b}/|\L_\b|$ for Glauber dynamics and $K\b e^{\Gamma\b}/|\L_\b|$ for Kawasaki dynamics, where $\Gamma$ is the local canonical, respectively, grand-canonical energy to create a critical droplet and $K$ is a constant reflecting the geometry of the critical droplet, provided these times tend to infinity (which puts a growth restriction on $|\L_\b|$). The fact that the average nucleation time is inversely proportional to $|\L_\b|$ is referred to as \emph{homogeneous nucleation}, because it says that the critical droplet for the transition appears essentially independently in small boxes that partition $\L_\b$.