Operating an atom interferometer beyond its linear range

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that an atom interferometer can operate beyond its linear range by using auxiliary vibration measurements, maintaining high sensitivity even in noisy environments like urban areas and during earthquakes.

Contribution

It introduces and compares two methods for extracting phase in high-noise conditions, enabling robust operation of atom interferometers beyond their linear range.

Findings

Achieved sensitivity of 5.5×10⁻⁸ g at 1 s in urban environment

Successfully operated during an earthquake with high sensitivity

Demonstrated robustness of measurement with high repetition rate

Abstract

In this paper, we show that an atom interferometer inertial sensor, when associated to the auxiliary measurement of external vibrations, can be operated beyond its linear range and still keep a high acceleration sensitivity. We propose and compare two measurement procedures (fringe fitting and nonlinear lock) that can be used to extract the mean phase of the interferometer when the interferometer phase fluctuations exceed $2\pi$. Despite operating in the urban environment of inner Paris without any vibration isolation, the use of a low noise seismometer for the measurement of ground vibrations allows our atom gravimeter to reach at night a sensitivity as good as $5.5\times10^{-8}$g at 1 s. Robustness of the measurement to large vibration noise is also demonstrated by the ability of our gravimeter to operate during an earthquake with excellent sensitivity. Our high repetition rate allows for recovering the true low frequency seismic vibrations, ensuring proper averaging. Such techniques open new perspectives for applications in other fields, such as navigation and geophysics.