Control-theoretic dynamic voltage scaling for embedded controllers

TL;DR

This paper presents a control-theoretic approach to dynamic voltage scaling in embedded controllers, enabling power reduction while maintaining predictable real-time performance despite workload variability.

Contribution

It introduces an analytical model and feedback control method for DVS in embedded systems, addressing workload unpredictability and ensuring predictable performance.

Findings

Significant power savings demonstrated in simulations

Effective handling of workload variability

Maintains real-time performance with DVS control

Abstract

For microprocessors used in real-time embedded systems, minimizing power consumption is difficult due to the timing constraints. Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) has been incorporated into modern microprocessors as a promising technique for exploring the trade-off between energy consumption and system performance. However, it remains a challenge to realize the potential of DVS in unpredictable environments where the system workload cannot be accurately known. Addressing system-level power-aware design for DVS-enabled embedded controllers, this paper establishes an analytical model for the DVS system that encompasses multiple real-time control tasks. From this model, a feedback control based approach to power management is developed to reduce dynamic power consumption while achieving good application performance. With this approach, the unpredictability and variability of task execution times can be attacked. Thanks to the use of feedback control theory, predictable performance of the DVS system is achieved, which is favorable to real-time applications. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach.