An X-ray spectral survey of the disc of M31 with XMM-Newton

TL;DR

This study conducts a comprehensive spectral survey of 335 X-ray point sources in M31's disc using XMM-Newton data, identifying source populations, luminosity functions, and candidate high mass X-ray binaries.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed luminosity functions based on spectral fitting for sources in M31's disc, revealing population characteristics and potential high mass X-ray binaries.

Findings

Identified 16 strong high mass X-ray binary candidates.

Detected a significant flattening in the luminosity function at log LX 37.0-37.5.

Found that above LX ~1.4x10^36 erg/s, sources are dominated by M31's population.

Abstract

We present the results of a complete spectral survey of the X-ray point sources detected in five XMM-Newton observations along the major axis of M31 but avoiding the central bulge, aimed at establishing the population characteristics of X-ray sources in this galaxy. We obtained background subtracted spectra and lightcurves for each of the 335 X-ray point sources detected across the five observations from 2002. We also correlate our source list with those of earlier X-ray surveys and radio, optical and infra-red catalogues. Sources with more than 50 source counts are individually spectrally fit in order to create the most accurate luminosity functions of M31 to date. Based on the spectral fitting of these sources with a power law model, we observe a broad range of best fit photon index. From this distribution of best fit index, we identify 16 strong high mass X-ray binary system candidates in M31. We show the first cumulative luminosity functions created using the best fit spectral model to each source with more than 50 source counts in the disc of M31. The cumulative luminosity functions show a prominent, statistically significant flattening in the X-ray luminosity LX interval 37.0 \lesssim log LX erg s-1 \lesssim 37.5. Such a feature may also be present in the X-ray populations of several other galaxies, but at a much lower statistical significance. We investigate the number of AGN present in our source list and find that above LX ~1.4x1036 erg s-1 the observed population is statistically dominated by the point source population of M31.