Nonlinear effects for coda-type elastic waves in stressed granular media

TL;DR

This paper investigates how nonlinear acoustic waves in stressed granular media cause measurable changes in elastic properties, using coda signal analysis to monitor subtle structural modifications during multiple scattering events.

Contribution

It demonstrates that low-amplitude acoustic waves can alter the elastic properties of granular media and highlights the effectiveness of coda signal analysis for monitoring these changes.

Findings

Nonlinear acoustic waves modify elastic properties of granular media.

Coda signal analysis effectively detects slight elastic modifications.

Weak contact skeletons are particularly affected by acoustic excitation.

Abstract

Experimental results and their interpretations are presented on the nonlinear acoustic effects of multiple scattered elastic waves in unconsolidated granular media. Short wave packets with a central frequency higher than the so-called cut-off frequency of the medium are emitted at one side of the statically stressed slab of glass beads and received at the other side after multiple scattering and nonlinear interactions. Typical signals are strongly distorted compared to their initially radiated shape both due to nonlinearity and scattering. It is shown that acoustic waves with a deformation amplitude much lower than the mean static deformation of the contacts in the medium can modify the elastic properties of the medium, especially for the weak contact skeleton part. This addresses the problem of reproducibility of granular structures during and after acoustic excitation, which is necessary to understand in the non destructive testing of the elastic properties of granular media by acoustic methods. Coda signal analysis is shown to be a powerful time-resolved tool to monitor slight modifications in the elastic response of an unconsolidated granular structure.