Limits on Low Energy Photon-Photon Scattering from an Experiment on Magnetic Vacuum Birefringence

TL;DR

This paper reports improved experimental bounds on photon-photon scattering and vacuum birefringence using the PVLAS apparatus, significantly tightening constraints on non-linear QED effects at optical wavelengths.

Contribution

It provides new, more stringent experimental limits on photon-photon scattering cross sections and non-linear QED parameters at optical energies, surpassing previous bounds by large factors.

Findings

Bounds on A_e are improved by a factor of 500.

Photon-photon scattering cross section limits are tightened by a factor of 10^10.

Results are still far above the predicted QED values.

Abstract

Experimental bounds on induced vacuum magnetic birefringence can be used to improve present photon-photon scattering limits in the electronvolt energy range. Measurements with the PVLAS apparatus (E. Zavattini {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. D {\bf77} (2008) 032006) at both $\lambda = 1064$ nm and 532 nm lead to bounds on the parameter {\it A$_{e}$}, describing non linear effects in QED, of $A_{e}^{(1064)} < 6.6\cdot10^{-21}$ T$^{-2}$ @ 1064 nm and $A_{e}^{(532)} < 6.3\cdot10^{-21}$ T$^{-2}$ @ 532 nm, respectively, at 95% confidence level, compared to the predicted value of $A_{e}=1.32\cdot10^{-24}$ T$^{-2}$. The total photon-photon scattering cross section may also be expressed in terms of $A_e$, setting bounds for unpolarized light of $\sigma_{\gamma\gamma}^{(1064)} < 4.6\cdot10^{-62}$ m$^{2}$ and $\sigma_{\gamma\gamma}^{(532)} < 2.7\cdot10^{-60}$ m$^{2}$. Compared to the expected QED scattering cross section these results are a factor of $\simeq2\cdot10^{7}$ higher and represent an improvement of a factor about 500 on previous bounds based on ellipticity measurements and of a factor of about $10^{10}$ on bounds based on direct stimulated scattering measurements.