Superfluidity of Helium-3

TL;DR

This paper develops a phenomenological dynamic phase transition theory for liquid helium-3, introducing new models that predict unstable regions, a new phase, and transition points, aiding experimental design and understanding of superfluidity.

Contribution

It introduces two new dynamical Ginzburg-Landau models for helium-3, predicting novel phases and transition behaviors not previously described.

Findings

Prediction of an unstable region in helium-3

Identification of a new phase C in a narrow region

Switch points of transition types near triple points

Abstract

This article presents a phenomenological dynamic phase transition theory -- modeling and analysis -- for liquid helium-3. We derived two new models, for liquid helium-3 with or without applied field, by introducing three wave functions and using a unified dynamical Ginzburg-Landau model. The analysis of these new models leads to predictions of existence of 1) a unstable region, 2) a new phase C in a narrow region, and 3) switch points of transition types on the coexistence curves near two triple points. It is hoped that these predictions will be useful for designing better physical experiments and lead to better understanding of the physical mechanism of superfluidity.