On classes of Banach spaces admitting "small" universal spaces

TL;DR

This paper characterizes classes of separable Banach spaces that admit a 'small' universal space, proving the class of non-universal spaces is strongly bounded and constructing a family of non-universal -spaces that exhausts all separable Banach spaces.

Contribution

It provides a characterization of classes with 'small' universal spaces and proves the strong boundedness of non-universal Banach spaces, confirming a main conjecture.

Findings

The class of non-universal separable Banach spaces is strongly bounded.

Existence of a family of -spaces that exhausts all separable Banach spaces.

Several natural classes of Banach spaces are also strongly bounded.

Abstract

We characterize those classes $\ccc$ of separable Banach spaces admitting a separable universal space $Y$ (that is, a space $Y$ containing, up to isomorphism, all members of $\ccc$) which is not universal for all separable Banach spaces. The characterization is a byproduct of the fact, proved in the paper, that the class $\mathrm{NU}$ of non-universal separable Banach spaces is strongly bounded. This settles in the affirmative the main conjecture form \cite{AD}. Our approach is based, among others, on a construction of $\llll_\infty$-spaces, due to J. Bourgain and G. Pisier. As a consequence we show that there exists a family $\{Y_\xi:\xi<\omega_1\}$ of separable, non-universal, $\llll_\infty$-spaces which uniformly exhausts all separable Banach spaces. A number of other natural classes of separable Banach spaces are shown to be strongly bounded as well.