Prospects for Improving the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties of Magnesium Diboride Superconducting Strands

TL;DR

This paper reviews the current state and future prospects of enhancing both intrinsic and extrinsic properties of magnesium diboride superconducting wires to improve their performance and competitiveness with other superconductors.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive survey of doping strategies, flux pinning enhancements, and densification techniques to improve magnesium diboride wire performance.

Findings

Dopants can significantly increase Hc2 and Jc.

Grain boundary blocking reduces current-carrying cross section to less than 15%.

Densification could increase Jc by 5-10 times.

Abstract

The magnetic and transport properties of magnesium diboride films represent performance goals yet to be attained by powder-processed bulk samples and conductors. Such performance limits are still out of the reach of even the best magnesium diboride magnet wire. In discussing the present status and prospects for improving the performance of powder-based wire we focus attention on (1) the intrinsic (intragrain) superconducting properties of magnesium diboride, Hc2 and flux pinning, (2) factors that control the efficiency with which current is transported from grain-to-grain in the conductor, an extrinsic (intergrain) property. With regard to Item-(1), the role of dopants in Hc2 enhancement is discussed and examples presented. On the other hand their roles in increasing Jc, both via Hc2 enhancement as well as direct fluxoid/pining-center interaction, are discussed and a comprehensive survey of Hc2 dopants and flux-pinning additives is presented. Current transport through the powder-processed wire (an extrinsic property) is partially blocked by the inherent granularity of the material itself and the chemical or other properties of the intergrain surfaces. These and other such results indicate that in many cases less than 15% of the conductor's cross sectional area is able to carry transport current. It is pointed out that densification in association with the elimination of grain-boundary blocking phases would yield five-to ten-fold increases in Jc in relevant regimes, enabling the performance of magnesium diboride in selected applications to compete with that of Nb-Sn.