Size Dependent Phase Transitions

TL;DR

This paper proposes an alternative thermodynamic model for size-dependent phase transitions, focusing on heat and internal energy changes during droplet growth, which better explains phenomena in nanocapillaries and micropores than classical theories.

Contribution

It introduces a new approach to vapor/droplet equilibrium that accounts for size effects and internal energy changes, improving understanding of nanocluster behavior.

Findings

The new model aligns well with experimental observations in micropores.

Classical and new models agree for larger droplets (>50 molecular diameters).

The approach explains hysteresis and nucleation mechanisms in nanostructures.

Abstract

The contributions of heat and work in generating a new surface area are considered. Unlike the classical theory of vapor/droplet equilibrium, which associates changing surface areas with work done against the surface tension, an alternative approach assumes that the droplets grow due to a controllable condensation of vapor and the internal energy of droplets changes due to the heat of the phase transition, and not due to the mechanical work. The effect of radii on the internal energy is discussed. The theory of the vapor/droplet equilibrium is constructed on the basis of the fundamental Clapeyron equation. When droplet radii exceed about 50 Lennard-Jones' molecular diameters, the classical and new models yield similar values of thermodynamic parameters, but differ essentially in the range of the finest clusters and nanocapillaries. In contrast to the Kelvin equation, which is not applicable for adsorption in micropores with radii less than 1 nm and fails in its description of hysteresis loops in mesopores, the present approach is in reasonably good agreement with observations; the model gives rational explanations to the mechanism of a droplet growth and critical parameters of nucleation.