Highlights and Perspectives of the JLab Spin Physics Program

TL;DR

This paper reviews recent Jefferson Lab spin physics experiments, highlighting advances in understanding nucleon spin structure, testing theoretical models, and exploring higher-twist effects, with implications for parton distributions and quark-hadron duality.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of recent experimental results on nucleon spin structure, including new data on spin sum rules, polarizabilities, and quark distributions, and discusses their theoretical implications.

Findings

Disagreements between Chiral Perturbation Theory and experimental data on _{LT}

Precise measurements of high-x spin asymmetries inform parton distribution fits

Evidence of significant higher-twist effects in g_2 structure function

Abstract

Nucleon spin structure has been an active and exciting subject of interest for the last three decades. Recent precision spin-structure data from Jefferson Lab have significantly advanced our knowledge of nucleon structure in the valence quark (high-x) region and improved our understanding of higher-twist effects, spin sum rules and quark-hadron duality. First, results of spin sum rules and polarizabilities in the low to intermediate Q^2 region are presented. Comparison with theoretical calculations are discussed. Surprising disagreements of Chiral Perturbation Theory calculations with experimental results on the generalized spin polarizability, \delta_{LT}, were found. Then, precision measurements of the spin asymmetry in the high-x region are presented. They provide crucial input for global fits to world data to extract polarized parton distribution functions. The up and down quark spin distributions in the nucleon were extracted. The results for \Delta d/d disagree with the leading-order pQCD prediction assuming hadron helicity conservation. Results of precision measurements of the g_2 structure function to study higher-twist effects are presented. The data indicate a significant higher-twist (twist-3 or higher) effect. The second moment of the spin structure functions and the twist-3 matrix element d_2 results were extracted. The high Q^2 result was compared with a Lattice QCD calculation. Results on the resonance spin-structure functions in the intermediate Q^2 range are presented, which, in combination with DIS data, enable a detailed study of quark-hadron duality in spin-structure functions. Finally, an experiment to study neutron transversity and transverse spin asymmetries is discussed. A future plan with the 12 GeV energy upgrade at JLab is briefly outlined.