Hydro-kinetic approach to relativistic heavy ion collisions

TL;DR

This paper introduces a hydro-kinetic model combining hydrodynamics and kinetic decoupling to better understand particle emission and freeze-out in relativistic heavy ion collisions, highlighting momentum-dependent freeze-out conditions.

Contribution

It develops a generalized hydro-kinetic approach that captures continuous emission and viscous effects, providing a more realistic description of freeze-out compared to sudden models.

Findings

Pion spectra show no universal freeze-out temperature.

Higher momentum particles decouple earlier.

The model aligns with RHIC collision data.

Abstract

We develop a combined hydro-kinetic approach which incorporates a hydrodynamical expansion of the systems formed in \textit{A}+\textit{A} collisions and their dynamical decoupling described by escape probabilities. The method corresponds to a generalized relaxation time ($\tau_{\text{rel}}$) approximation for the Boltzmann equation applied to inhomogeneous expanding systems; at small $\tau_{\text{rel}}$ it also allows one to catch the viscous effects in hadronic component - hadron-resonance gas. We demonstrate how the approximation of sudden freeze-out can be obtained within this dynamical picture of continuous emission and find that hypersurfaces, corresponding to a sharp freeze-out limit, are momentum dependent. The pion $m_{T}$ spectra are computed in the developed hydro-kinetic model, and compared with those obtained from ideal hydrodynamics with the Cooper-Frye isothermal prescription. Our results indicate that there does not exist a universal freeze-out temperature for pions with different momenta, and support an earlier decoupling of higher $p_{T}$ particles. By performing numerical simulations for various initial conditions and equations of state we identify several characteristic features of the bulk QCD matter evolution preferred in view of the current analysis of heavy ion collisions at RHIC energies.