Galaxy bulges and their black holes: a requirement for the quenching of star formation

TL;DR

The paper demonstrates that a prominent bulge and supermassive black hole are essential for quenching star formation in central galaxies, supporting the AGN feedback model using Sloan Digital Sky Survey data.

Contribution

It provides observational evidence linking bulge presence and black holes to star formation quenching in central galaxies, confirming a key prediction of galaxy evolution models.

Findings

Over 99.5% of massive red galaxies have prominent bulges.

Less than 0.1% of bulgeless red galaxies are fully quenched.

Bulge presence correlates strongly with star formation cessation.

Abstract

One of the central features of the last 8 to 10 billion years of cosmic history has been the emergence of a well-populated red sequence of non-star-forming galaxies. A number of models of galaxy formation and evolution have been devised to attempt to explain this behavior. Most current models require feedback from supermassive black holes (AGN feedback) to quench star formation in galaxies in the centers of their dark matter halos (central galaxies). Such models make the strong prediction that all quenched central galaxies must have a large supermassive black hole (and, by association, a prominent bulge component). I show using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey that the observations are consistent with this prediction. Over 99.5% of red sequence galaxies with stellar masses in excess of 10^{10} M_{\sun} have a prominent bulge component (as defined by having a Sersic index n above 1.5). Those very rare red sequence central galaxies with little or no bulge (n<1.5) usually have detectable star formation or AGN activity; the fraction of truly quenched bulgeless central galaxies is <0.1% of the total red sequence population. I conclude that a bulge, and by implication a supermassive black hole, is an absolute requirement for full quenching of star formation in central galaxies. This is in agreement with the most basic prediction of the AGN feedback paradigm.