Can Supermassive Black Holes Form in Metal-Enriched High-Redshift Protogalaxies ?

TL;DR

This study investigates how the presence of metals and dust in high-redshift protogalaxies influences gas cooling, fragmentation, and the potential formation of supermassive black holes, challenging previous assumptions of metal-free conditions.

Contribution

It identifies critical metallicity thresholds above which gas fragmentation occurs, leading to star cluster formation and possible intermediate-mass black hole creation in early galaxies.

Findings

Fragmentation occurs above Zcr~3x10^{-4} Zsun without dust.

Fragmentation occurs above Zcr~5x10^{-6} Zsun with dust.

Metallicity influences the pathway to black hole formation in protogalaxies.

Abstract

Primordial gas in protogalactic dark matter (DM) halos with virial temperatures Tvir > 10^4 K begins to cool and condense via atomic hydrogen. Provided this gas is irradiated by a strong ultraviolet (UV) flux and remains free of H2 and other molecules, it has been proposed that the halo with Tvir ~10^4 K may avoid fragmentation, and lead to the rapid formation of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) as massive as M=10^5-10^6 Msun. This ``head--start'' would help explain the presence of SMBHs with inferred masses of several x 10^9 Msun, powering the bright quasars discovered in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at redshift z>~6. However, high-redshift DM halos with Tvir~10^4K are likely already enriched with at least trace amounts of metals and dust produced by prior star-formation in their progenitors. Here we study the thermal and chemical evolution of low-metallicity gas exposed to extremely strong UV radiation fields. Our results, obtained in one-zone models, suggest that gas fragmentation is inevitable above a critical metallicity, whose value is between Zcr~3x10^{-4} Zsun (in the absence of dust) and as low as Zcr~ 5 x 10^{-6} Zsun (with a dust-to-gas mass ratio of about 0.01 Z/Zsun). We propose that when the metallicity exceeds these critical values, dense clusters of low--mass stars may form at the halo nucleus. Relatively massive stars in such a cluster can then rapidly coalesce into a single more massive object, which may produce an intermediate-mass BH remnant with a mass up to M <~10^2-10^3 Msun.