Mutually unbiased bases, orthogonal Latin squares, and hidden-variable models

TL;DR

This paper explores the connection between mutually unbiased bases in quantum mechanics and orthogonal Latin squares, establishing new bounds, disproving certain configurations, and constructing hidden-variable models for quantum measurement simulation.

Contribution

It links quantum complementarity with Latin squares, derives bounds on unbiased bases, and develops hidden-variable models for simulating quantum measurements.

Findings

Established the relation between unbiased bases and Latin squares.

Disproved the existence of certain unbiased bases in non-prime power dimensions.

Constructed hidden-variable models for quantum measurement outcomes.

Abstract

Mutually unbiased bases encapsulate the concept of complementarity - the impossibility of simultaneous knowledge of certain observables - in the formalism of quantum theory. Although this concept is at the heart of quantum mechanics, the number of these bases is unknown except for systems of dimension being a power of a prime. We develop the relation between this physical problem and the mathematical problem of finding the number of mutually orthogonal Latin squares. We derive in a simple way all known results about the unbiased bases, find their lower number, and disprove the existence of certain forms of the bases in dimensions different than power of a prime. Using the Latin squares, we construct hidden-variable models which efficiently simulate results of complementary quantum measurements.