Constraining theories of low-scale quantum gravity by non-observation of the bulk vector boson signal from the Sun

TL;DR

This study uses solar observations to set stringent limits on low-scale quantum gravity theories with two extra dimensions, showing no detectable KK vector boson signals and constraining potential new physics at the LHC.

Contribution

It provides the first experimental bound on bulk vector bosons from solar data that constrains low-scale quantum gravity models with two extra dimensions.

Findings

No excess events observed in the energy range analyzed.

The bound rules out observable signals at the LHC for delta=2.

Sensitivity insufficient for constraints when delta>2.

Abstract

In this experiment we aim to detect Kaluza-Klein (KK) excitations of the bulk gauge field, emitted in a bremsstrahlung process on solar plasma constituents, by looking at a process analogous to the photoelectric effect inside the HPGe detector. Using a generic feature of the underlying effective theory that the unknown 4-dimensional gauge coupling is independent of the number of extra large dimensions delta, we show that the expected number of events in the detector is insensitive to the true scale of quantum gravity for delta=2. With the entire data collection time of 202 days in the energy interval 1.7 - 3.8 keV, the number of events detected was as low as 1.1x10^6, compared to 2.7x10^6 from the expected high multiplicity of the solar KK excitations for delta =2. Hence, our bound from the presumed existence of new forces associated with additional gauge bosons actually conforms with very stringent bounds set from various astrophysical considerations. Baring any modifications of the infrared part of the KK spectrum, this bound would therefore rule out the possibility of observing any signal at the LHC for delta=2. Although a dependence on the fundamental scale referring to 4+delta-dimensional gravity turns on again for delta=3, the experimental sensitivity of the present setup proves insufficient to draw any constraint for delta>2.