Clonal Interference, Multiple Mutations, and Adaptation in Large Asexual Populations

TL;DR

This paper investigates how clonal interference and multiple mutations affect adaptation in large asexual populations through simulations, revealing that the dominant evolutionary dynamics depend on the distribution of beneficial mutation effects.

Contribution

It provides a comparative analysis of clonal interference and multiple mutation models, clarifying their applicability based on mutation effect distributions.

Findings

Clonal interference explains adaptation when mutation effects decay slower than exponential.

Multiple mutations dominate when mutation effects decay faster than exponential.

The study delineates the limits of existing models and explores complex dynamics beyond their validity.

Abstract

Two important problems affect the ability of asexual populations to accumulate beneficial mutations, and hence to adapt. First, clonal interference causes some beneficial mutations to be outcompeted by more-fit mutations which occur in the same genetic background. Second, multiple mutations occur in some individuals, so even mutations of large effect can be outcompeted unless they occur in a good genetic background which contains other beneficial mutations. In this paper, we use a Monte Carlo simulation to study how these two factors influence the adaptation of asexual populations. We find that the results depend qualitatively on the shape of the distribution of the effects of possible beneficial mutations. When this distribution falls off slower than exponentially, clonal interference alone reasonably describes which mutations dominate the adaptation, although it gives a misleading picture of the evolutionary dynamics. When the distribution falls off faster than exponentially, an analysis based on multiple mutations is more appropriate. Using our simulations, we are able to explore the limits of validity of both of these approaches, and we explore the complex dynamics in the regimes where neither are fully applicable.