A Polytropic Model of Quark Stars

TL;DR

This paper proposes a polytropic model for quark stars that incorporates vacuum energy and strong interaction effects, predicting diverse mass-radius relations and potential star-quake energies, providing a framework for observational testing.

Contribution

It introduces a novel polytropic framework for quark stars, accounting for vacuum energy and non-vanishing surface densities, differing from traditional models like the bag model.

Findings

Polytropic quark stars can have masses > 2 solar masses.

Stars can be very low mass yet gravitationally stable.

Star-quakes could release energies up to 10^{47} ergs.

Abstract

A polytropic quark star model is suggested in order to establish a general framework in which theoretical quark star models could be tested by observations. The key difference between polytropic quark stars and the polytropic model studied previously for normal (i.e., non-quarkian) stars is related to two issues: (i) a constant term representing the contribution of vacuum energy may be added in the energy density and the pressure for a quark star, but not for a normal star; (ii) the quark star models with non-vanishing density at the stellar surface are not avoidable due to the strong interaction between quarks. The first one implies that the vacuum inside a quark star is different from that outside, while the second one is relevant to the effect of color confinement. The polytropic equations of state are stiffer than that derived in conventional realistic models (e.g., the bag model) for quark matter, and pulsar-like stars calculated with a polytropic equation of state could then have high maximum masses (> 2 M_sun). Quark stars can also be very low massive, and be still gravitationally stable even if the polytropic index, n, is greater than 3. All these would result in different mass-radius relations, which could be tested by observations. In addition, substantial strain energy would develop in a solid quark star during its accretion/spindown phase, and could be high enough to take a star-quake. The energy released during star-quakes could be as high as ~ 10^{47} ergs if the tangential pressure is ~ 10^{-6} higher than the radial one.