The Hubble constant from galaxy lenses: impacts of triaxiality and model degeneracies

TL;DR

This study investigates how galaxy halo triaxiality affects Hubble constant estimates from gravitational lensing, finding it does not significantly bias results and highlighting the importance of model degeneracies.

Contribution

The paper demonstrates that triaxial halo shapes do not bias Hubble constant estimates and analyzes the degeneracies in lensing models affecting these measurements.

Findings

Triaxiality does not significantly bias Hubble constant estimates.

Degeneracies in lensing models hinder precise Hubble parameter constraints.

Neglected halo shape cannot explain low Hubble constant values in lensing systems.

Abstract

The Hubble constant can be constrained using the time delays between multiple images of gravitationally lensed sources. In some notable cases, typical lensing analyses assuming isothermal galaxy density profiles produce low values for the Hubble constant, inconsistent with the result of the HST Key Project (72 +- 8 km/s/Mpc). Possible systematics in the values of the Hubble constant derived from galaxy lensing systems can result from a number of factors, e.g. neglect of environmental effects, assumption of isothermality, or contamination by line-of-sight structures. One additional potentially important factor is the triaxial structure of the lensing galaxy halo; most lens models account for halo shape simply by perturbing the projected spherical lensing potential, an approximation that is often necessary but that is inadequate at the levels of triaxiality predicted in the CDM paradigm. To quantify the potential error introduced by this assumption in estimates of the Hubble parameter, we strongly lens a distant galaxy through a sample of triaxial softened isothermal halos and use an MCMC method to constrain the lensing halo profile and the Hubble parameter from the resulting multiple image systems. We explore the major degeneracies between the Hubble parameter and several parameters of the lensing model, finding that without a way to accurately break these degeneracies accurate estimates of the Hubble parameter are not possible. Crucially, we find that triaxiality does not significantly bias estimates of the Hubble constant, and offer an analytic explanation for this behaviour in the case of isothermal profiles. Neglected triaxial halo shape cannot contribute to the low Hubble constant values derived in a number of galaxy lens systems.