On the Constancy of the Characteristic Mass of Young Stars

TL;DR

This paper explains why the characteristic mass of young stars remains nearly constant across diverse environments by analyzing the weak dependence of the thermal Jeans mass on environmental factors such as density, temperature, and metallicity.

Contribution

The study demonstrates that the thermal Jeans mass varies weakly with environmental conditions, providing a physical basis for the observed constancy of the stellar initial mass function's characteristic mass.

Findings

The Jeans mass depends weakly on density, temperature, and metallicity across various star-forming environments.

Environmental variations typically alter the Jeans mass by at most a factor of two.

Cosmological increases in the Jeans mass can be explained by higher star formation efficiency or smaller dust grains at high redshift.

Abstract

The characteristic mass M_c in the stellar initial mass function (IMF) is about constant for most star-forming regions. Numerical simulations consistently show a proportionality between M_c and the thermal Jeans mass M_J at the time of cloud fragmentation, but no models have explained how it can be the same in diverse conditions. Here we show that M_J depends weakly on density, temperature, metallicity, and radiation field in three environments: the dense cores where stars form, larger star-forming regions ranging from GMCs to galactic disks, and the interiors of HII regions and super star clusters. In dense cores, the quantity T^{3/2}n^{-1/2} that appears in M_J scales with core density as n^{0.25} or with radiation density as U^{0.1} at the density where dust and gas come into thermal equilibrium. On larger scales, this quantity varies with ambient density as n^{-0.05} and ambient radiation field as U^{-0.033} when the Kennicutt-Schmidt law of star formation determines U(n). In super star clusters with ionization and compression of pre-stellar globules, M_J varies as the 0.13 power of the cluster column density. These weak dependencies on n, U, and column density imply that most environmental variations affect the thermal Jeans mass by at most a factor of ~2. Cosmological increases in M_J, which have been suggested by observations, may be explained if the star formation efficiency is systematically higher at high redshift for a given density and pressure, if dust grains are smaller at lower metallicity, and so hotter for a given radiation field, or if small pre-stellar cores are more severely ionized in extreme starburst conditions.