Equatorial photon motion in the Kerr-Newman spacetimes with a non-zero cosmological constant

TL;DR

This paper analyzes equatorial photon trajectories around Kerr-Newman black holes and naked singularities with a non-zero cosmological constant, identifying circular orbits, stability, and unique trajectory features.

Contribution

It provides a detailed classification of photon motion in Kerr-Newman spacetimes with cosmological constant, including stability analysis and special orbit characteristics.

Findings

Circular photon orbits are determined and their stability analyzed.

Existence of turning points in azimuthal motion for photons with negative impact parameter.

Identification of a special class of Kerr-Newman-de Sitter black-hole spacetimes with a restricted repulsive barrier.

Abstract

Discussion of the equatorial photon motion in Kerr-Newman black-hole and naked-singularity spacetimes with a non-zero cosmological constant is presented. Both repulsive and attractive cosmological constants are considered. Circular photon orbits are determined, and their stability is established. The spacetimes are divided into separated classes according to the properties of the `effective potential'. There is a special class of Kerr-Newman-de Sitter black-hole spacetimes with so-called `restricted repulsive barrier'. Further, the azimuthal motion is discussed and photon trajectories are given in typical situations. It is shown that for some photons with negative impact parameter turning points of their azimuthal motion can exist.