Atom-Pair Tunneling and Quantum Phase Transition in Strong Interaction Regime

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new Hamiltonian for ultracold atoms in optical lattices that includes atom-pair tunneling, explaining experimental observations and revealing a quantum phase transition between degenerate and non-degenerate ground states.

Contribution

It proposes a Hamiltonian with atom-pair tunneling terms that extends the Bose-Hubbard model and explains correlated tunneling phenomena in strongly interacting regimes.

Findings

Atom-pair tunneling explains correlated tunneling in experiments.

New atom-pair tunneling dynamics induce oscillations in strong interactions.

Quantum phase transition characterized by ground state degeneracy changes.

Abstract

We propose a Hamiltonian of ultracold spinless atoms in optical lattices including the two-body interaction of nearest neighbors, which reduces to the Bose-Hubbard model in weak interaction limit. An atom-pair hoping term appearing in the new Hamiltonian explains naturally the recent experimental observation of correlated tunneling in a double-well trap with strong atom-atom interactions and moreover leads to a new dynamic process of atom-pair tunneling where strongly interacting atoms can tunnel back and forth as a fragmented pair. Finally a new dynamics of oscillations induced by the atom-pair tunneling is found in the strong interaction regime, where the Bose-Hubbard model gives rise to the insulator state with fixed time-averaged value of atom-occupation-number only. Quantum phase transitions between two quantum phases characterized by degenerate and non-degenerate ground states are shown to be coinciding with the Landau second-order phase transition theory. In the system of finite atom-number the degeneracy of ground states can be removed by quantum tunneling for the even-number of atoms but not for the odd-number.