The X-Ray Transient 080109 in NGC 2770: an X-Ray Flash Associated with a Normal Core-Collapse Supernova

TL;DR

This paper presents evidence that the 2008 X-ray transient in NGC 2770, associated with SN 2008D, is an X-ray flash linked to a normal core-collapse supernova, expanding understanding of such phenomena.

Contribution

It demonstrates that XRF 080109 is a soft gamma-ray burst, not a shock breakout, and confirms its relation to a typical Type Ib supernova, challenging previous assumptions.

Findings

XRF 080109 fits the E_iso–E_peak relation for LGRBs.

The spectral energy and luminosity are consistent with known GRB–SN relationships.

XRF events may occur at rates comparable to SNe Ibc.

Abstract

Although it is generally thought that long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) are associated with core-collapse supernovae (SNe), so far only four pairs of GRBs and SNe with firmly established connection have been found. All the four GRB-SNe are among a special class of Type Ic--called the broad-lined SNe indicative of a large explosion energy, suggesting that only a small fraction of SNe Ibc have GRBs associated with them. This scheme has been refreshed by the discovery of a bright X-ray transient in NGC 2770 on 9 January 2008, which was followed by a rather normal Type Ib SN 2008D. In this paper, I argue that the transient 080109 is an X-ray flash (XRF, the soft version of a GRB) because of the following evidences: (1) The transient cannot be interpreted as a SN shock breakout event; (2) The GRB X-ray flare interpretation is not supported by the high-energy observation. Then I show that XRF 080109 satisfies the well-known relation between the isotropic-equivalent energy and the peak spectral energy for LGRBs, which highly strengthens the XRF interpretation. Finally, I point out that, the peak spectral energy of XRF 080109 and the maximum bolometric luminosity of SN 2008D agree with the $E_{\gamma,\p}$--$L_{{\rm SN},\max}$ relationship of Li (2006), strengthening the validity of the relationship. I speculate that events like XRF 080109 may occur at a rate comparable to SNe Ibc, and a soft X-ray telescope devoted to surveying for nearby X-ray flares will be very fruitful in discovering them.