Water vapour masers in long-period variable stars. I. RX Boo and SV Peg

TL;DR

This study monitored water vapour masers in RX Boo and SV Peg over decades, revealing stable ring-like structures with asymmetric mass loss and variable maser emission spots, but no correlation with optical variability.

Contribution

First long-term, high-resolution mapping of water vapour masers in RX Boo, demonstrating persistent asymmetric shell structures and detailed variability analysis in late-type stars.

Findings

Maser emission forms a stable incomplete ring with a 15 AU radius.

Maser spots have lifetimes around 1 year, causing spectral variability.

No correlation between optical and maser variability was found.

Abstract

We wish to understand the reasons for the strong variability of H2O masers in circumstellar shells of late-type stars. We monitored RX Boo and SV Peg in the 22-GHz maser line of water vapour with single-dish telescopes. The monitoring period covered two decades for RX Boo (1987 -- 2007) and 12 years for SV Peg (1990 -- 1995, 2000 -- 2007). In addition, maps were obtained of RX Boo with the Very Large Array over several years. We find that most of the emission in the circumstellar shell of RX Boo is located in an incomplete ring with an inner radius of 91 mas (15 AU). A velocity gradient is found in a NW--SE direction. The maser region can be modelled as a shell with a thickness of 22 AU, which is only partially filled. The gas crossing time is 16.5 years. The ring-like structure and the velocity gradient remained stable for at least 11 years, while the maser line profiles varied strongly. This suggests that the spatial asymmetry is not accidental, so that either the mass loss process or the maser excitation conditions in RX Boo are not spherically symmetric. The strong variability of the maser spectral features is mainly due to incoherent intensity fluctuations of maser emission spots, which have lifetimes of the order of 1 year. We found no correlation between the optical and the maser variability in either star. The variability properties of the SV Peg masers do not differ substantially from those of RX Boo. There were fewer spectral features present, and the range of variations was narrower. The maser was active on the >10-Jy level only 1990 -- 1992 and 2006/2007. At other times the maser was either absent (<1 Jy) or barely detectable.