The Scattered Disk as the source of the Jupiter Family comets

TL;DR

This paper reevaluates the scattered disk as the primary source of Jupiter family comets, highlighting discrepancies between observations and models, and explores alternative sources and mechanisms to explain the comet population.

Contribution

It provides a rigorous estimate of the discrepancy between observed and modeled JFC sources and discusses potential resolutions including observational biases, tidal break-up, and alternative sources.

Findings

Significant discrepancy between observed and modeled JFC source estimates.

Uncertainties in dynamical models and size distribution may explain some discrepancies.

Other sources like classical Kuiper belt and tidal break-up could contribute to JFCs.

Abstract

The short period Jupiter family comets (JFCs) are thought to originate in the Kuiper Belt; specifically, a dynamical subclass of the Kuiper Belt known as the `scattered disk' is argued to be the dominant source of JFCs. However, the best estimates from observational surveys indicate that this source may fall short by more than two orders of magnitude the estimates obtained from theoretical models of the dynamical evolution of Kuiper belt objects into JFCs. We re-examine the scattered disk as a source of the JFCs and make a rigorous estimate of the discrepancy. We find that the uncertainties in the dynamical models combined with a change in the size distribution function of the scattered disk at faint magnitudes (small sizes) beyond the current observational limit offer a possible but problematic resolution to the discrepancy. We discuss several other possibilities: that the present population of JFCs is a large fluctuation above their long term average, that larger scattered disk objects tidally break-up into multiple fragments during close planetary encounters as their orbits evolve from the trans-Neptune zone to near Jupiter, or that there are alternative source populations that contribute significantly to the JFCs. Well-characterized observational investigations of the Centaurs, objects that are transitioning between the trans-Neptune Kuiper belt region and the inner solar system, can test the predictions of the non-steady state and the tidal break-up hypotheses. The classical and resonant classes of the Kuiper belt are worth re-consideration as significant additional or alternate sources of the JFCs.