Powerful flares from recoiling black holes in quasars

TL;DR

This paper proposes that recoiling supermassive black holes in quasars produce observable flares across X-ray, optical, and ultraviolet spectra, offering a new method to identify high-velocity black hole recoils.

Contribution

It introduces a novel observational signature of recoiling black holes through characteristic flares in multiple wavelengths, linking gravitational wave recoil to electromagnetic signals.

Findings

Recoil velocities can reach several thousand km/s.

Flares last approximately 10^4 years.

Up to 100 such flares may be observable in quasars at redshifts 1-3.

Abstract

Mergers of spinning black holes can give recoil velocities from gravitational radiation up to several thousand km/s. A recoiling supermassive black hole in an AGN retains the inner part of its accretion disk. Marginally bound material rejoining the disk around the moving black hole releases a large amount of energy in shocks in a short time, leading to a flare in thermal soft X-rays with a luminosity approaching the Eddington limit. Reprocessing of the X-rays by the infalling material gives strong optical and ultraviolet emission lines with a distinctive spectrum. Despite the short lifetime of the flare (~10^4 yr), as many as 100 flares may be in play at the present time in QSOs at redshifts ~ 1 to 3. These flares provide a means to identify high velocity recoils.