Multi-wavelength observations of Galactic hard X-ray sources discovered by INTEGRAL. I. The nature of the companion star

TL;DR

This study investigates the nature of companion stars in a sample of 13 INTEGRAL-detected hard X-ray sources, using multi-wavelength optical and infrared observations to classify the binary systems and their stellar companions.

Contribution

It provides detailed spectral and photometric analysis of selected sources, revealing the types of companion stars and the characteristics of the binary systems, advancing understanding of this obscured population.

Findings

Identified the spectral types of companion stars in the sample.

Determined the nature of the binary systems hosting these X-ray sources.

Characterized the spectral energy distributions from optical to mid-infrared.

Abstract

Context: The INTEGRAL hard X-ray observatory has revealed an emerging population of highly obscured X-ray binary systems through multi-wavelength observations. Previous studies have shown that many of these sources are high-mass X-ray binaries hosting neutron stars orbiting around luminous and evolved companion stars. Aims: To better understand this newly-discovered population, we have selected a sample of sources for which an accurate localisation is available to identify the stellar counterpart and reveal the nature of the companion star and of the binary system. Methods: We performed an intensive study of a sample of thirteen INTEGRAL sources, through multi-wavelength optical to NIR photometric and spectroscopic observations, using EMMI and SofI instruments at the ESO NTT telescope. We performed accurate astrometry and identified candidate counterparts for which we give the optical and NIR magnitudes. We detected many spectral lines allowing us to determine the spectral type of the companion star. We fitted with stellar black bodies the mid-infrared to optical spectral energy distributions of these sources. From the spectral analysis and SED fitting we identified the nature of the companion stars and of the binary systems. (abridged).