A Survey About Nothing: Monitoring a Million Supergiants for Failed Supernovae

TL;DR

This paper discusses a novel survey approach that monitors a million supergiants in nearby galaxies to detect failed supernovae and better understand stellar death processes, offering new insights into core-collapse rates.

Contribution

It proposes a systematic observational method to detect stellar disappearances, enabling the study of failed supernovae and refining models of stellar evolution and death.

Findings

Potential to detect failed supernovae events annually

Provides new limits on core-collapse rates

Enhances understanding of supernova progenitors

Abstract

Extragalactic transient searches have historically been limited to looking for the appearance of new sources such as supernovae. It is now possible to carry out a new kind of survey that will do the opposite, that is, search for the disappearance of massive stars. This will entail the systematic observation of galaxies within a distance of 10 Mpc in order to watch ~10^6 supergiants. Reaching this critical number ensures that something will occur yearly, since these massive stars must end their lives with a core collapse within ~10^6 years. Using deep imaging and image subtraction it is possible to determine the fates of these stars whether they end with a bang (supernova) or a whimper (fall out of sight). Such a survey would place completely new limits on the total rate of all core collapses, which is critical for determining the validity of supernova models. It would also determine the properties of supernova progenitors, better characterize poorly understood optical transients, such as eta Carina-like mass ejections, find and characterize large numbers of Cepheids, luminous blue variables and eclipsing binaries, and allow the discovery of any new phenomena that inhabit this relatively unexplored parameter space.