Self-organizing patterns maintained by competing associations in a six-species predator-prey model

TL;DR

This paper investigates how six-species predator-prey interactions on a lattice lead to complex spatial patterns and associations, influenced by invasion rates and site exchange probability, revealing coexistence and dominance dynamics.

Contribution

It introduces a spatial ecological model with specific invasion and exchange rules, demonstrating the formation of multiple associations and their competitive interactions.

Findings

Five associations form with distinct spatiotemporal patterns.

Cyclic dominance occurs among two-species associations at high exchange probability.

Coexistence of all associations is possible at intermediate exchange probabilities.

Abstract

Formation and competition of associations are studied in a six-species ecological model where each species has two predators and two prey. Each site of a square lattice is occupied by an individual belonging to one of the six species. The evolution of the spatial distribution of species is governed by iterated invasions between the neighboring predator-prey pairs with species specific rates and by site exchange between the neutral pairs with a probability $X$. This dynamical rule yields the formation of five associations composed of two or three species with proper spatiotemporal patterns. For large $X$ a cyclic dominance can occur between the three two-species associations whereas one of the two three-species associations prevails in the whole system for low values of $X$ in the final state. Within an intermediate range of $X$ all the five associations coexist due to the fact that cyclic invasions between the two-species associations reduce their resistance temporarily against the invasion of three-species associations.